Following is a summary of the article Biofuels, for sustainable transportation, produced by the national renewable energy laboratory of the US in June 2000.
Biomass is defined as all the Earth’s vegetation. It is the oldest renewable source that humans use. Biomass has a wide range of resources like agricultural, industrial and living residues, all kinds of crops. It is a good energy source due to its renewablity, even distribution and the environmentally friendly exploiting technologies. The energy stored in biomass need to be transferred into a usable form before it can be using. Transportation fuels are made from biomass through biochemical or thermochemical processes.these biofuels include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.
Knowing that petroleum, which is the main fuel in America currently, has many disvantages, it is necessary for America to develop the technology produce and use biofuels. The consideration is nationally security. More than 53% of America’s petroleum is imported. That can be considered as a peril point for the nation. Biofuel, which can be produced by domestic biomass and renewed, can help to ease the dependence of oil import. The second consideration is economy. The development of biofuel can create new jobs and help to build a stronger energy market in America. Most importantly, biofuel is more environmental friendly than petroleum. Since biofuel is carbon neutral, there is no net emission of CO2, which is the main green house gas that causes global warming, through its using process. The planting of biomass can also help to maintain and even improve the quality of air and water. Moreover, the production of biofuel provides a way to dispose agricultural and forestry wastes.
Now, ethanol and biodiesel are commercially available. As people realize the benefits of biofuel, the demand will be increasing. The researches that focus on converting biomass to energy will lower the cost of biofuel, increase its resources and keep it sustainable. The National Biofuels Program lead by The U.S. Department of Energy works with industry to research, develop, demonstrate, and facilitate the commercialization of U.S. technologies, and aims to realize the large-scale use of biomass-based transportation fuels.
2008-09-14
Grammar--Article (with references)
Here I choose article as my topic not because it is easy, actually, it is not easy not all! Though the rules of using article seem to be very simple, it is not easy to use them correctly, especially for the non-native speakers.
The basic rules of using article
1. Indefine articles : a, an
A and an are used when we first introduce something or somebody. They refers to those that has not been specifically mentioned.
Eg. There is a book on the table.
The difference between a and an is that an is used before a noun that begins with a vowel sound. It can be tricky because sometime we may not notice it when we see words like “hour”, “eight” (which happened in the latest text editing exercise). So be cautious!
2. Define articles: the
The is used when we know the listener know what we are referring to.
Eg. Could you please pass the book to me?
Again, it is easy to say but hard to do.
3. No articles
No articles are used when we talk about things in general.
Eg. People here like football.
We do not use aricles before name of counties, unless we indicate multiple areas
the Netherlands, the Philippines, the British Isles
or contains the words states, kingdom, republic, union.
4. Confusion??? Frustration!!!
There are irregular use of articles that always confused me.
Do we need articles before uncountable nouns? It depends!
We need someone with __a __ good knowledge of Chinese.
They have __a__ deep distrust of the authorities.
The school gave me __a__ good education.
She has _a__ good understanding of the subject.
He has __a_ great love of his job.
It's __0__hard work.
She speaks __0__ good Italian.
Do we need articles before geographical names? It depends!
With the :
Mountain ranges or groups,
Groups of islands,
Deserts
Seas
Oceans
River
No article:
Mountains,
Continents
Towns
Cities
Villages
Parks
Zoos
Streets
Lakes
Churches
Cathedrals
Airport
Underground or subway stations
Bus stations
Others
events like The green revolution
Society: usually, there is no article before society. But when we mention a particular society, we use the.
The society of historical archeology
At Last
Usually we determine which article to use only by “sound right”. So practice more!
References:
http://www.usingenglish.com/handouts/
This is a very useful website, with explainations and examples of all kinds of gramma topics.
The basic rules of using article
1. Indefine articles : a, an
A and an are used when we first introduce something or somebody. They refers to those that has not been specifically mentioned.
Eg. There is a book on the table.
The difference between a and an is that an is used before a noun that begins with a vowel sound. It can be tricky because sometime we may not notice it when we see words like “hour”, “eight” (which happened in the latest text editing exercise). So be cautious!
2. Define articles: the
The is used when we know the listener know what we are referring to.
Eg. Could you please pass the book to me?
Again, it is easy to say but hard to do.
3. No articles
No articles are used when we talk about things in general.
Eg. People here like football.
We do not use aricles before name of counties, unless we indicate multiple areas
the Netherlands, the Philippines, the British Isles
or contains the words states, kingdom, republic, union.
4. Confusion??? Frustration!!!
There are irregular use of articles that always confused me.
Do we need articles before uncountable nouns? It depends!
We need someone with __a __ good knowledge of Chinese.
They have __a__ deep distrust of the authorities.
The school gave me __a__ good education.
She has _a__ good understanding of the subject.
He has __a_ great love of his job.
It's __0__hard work.
She speaks __0__ good Italian.
Do we need articles before geographical names? It depends!
With the :
Mountain ranges or groups,
Groups of islands,
Deserts
Seas
Oceans
River
No article:
Mountains,
Continents
Towns
Cities
Villages
Parks
Zoos
Streets
Lakes
Churches
Cathedrals
Airport
Underground or subway stations
Bus stations
Others
events like The green revolution
Society: usually, there is no article before society. But when we mention a particular society, we use the.
The society of historical archeology
At Last
Usually we determine which article to use only by “sound right”. So practice more!
References:
http://www.usingenglish.com/handouts/
This is a very useful website, with explainations and examples of all kinds of gramma topics.
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